Biased Social Perceptions of Knowledge: Implications for Negotiators' Rapport and Egocentrism

This study examines how people manage uncertain competitive social interactions. To achieve positive interaction outcomes, individuals may engage in a social perception process that leads them to believe they have obtained more information about others than these others gained about them. We investigate how asymmetric knowledge perceptions contribute to important aspects of negotiation, namely rapport building among strangers and egocentric beliefs about fairness of resource distribution. In Study 1, dyads completed measures of knowledge acquisition and partner evaluation after a rapport‐building exercise. Results showed that individuals believed they gained more information about their partner than vice versa; notably, the magnitude of this knowledge bias was associated with more positive partner evaluations. Study 2 showed that the magnitude of the knowledge bias predicted lower egocentrism in a commons dilemma task. Together, these results suggest knowledge asymmetries facilitate rapport among strangers and may have important implications for cooperation in competitive negotiation settings.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111124/1/ncmr12047.pd

Do Social Network Sites Enhance or Undermine Subjective Well‐Being? A Critical Review

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136039/1/sipr12033.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136039/2/sipr12033_am.pd

Misanthropic Person Memory when the Need to Self-Enhance is Absent

This research examined the role that the removal of the need or ability to self-enhance can play in the misanthropic processing of attributed behavioral information (i.e., remembering best negative, internally attributed behaviors and positive externally attributed behaviors). Experiment 1demonstrated that removing a person’s need to self-enhance by increasing his or her self-esteem eliminated misanthropic memory, whereas misanthropy was preserved for control participants and perceivers who had experienced a decrease in self-esteem. Furthermore, controlling for participants’ self-evaluations eliminated the memory pattern differences between the two experimental conditions. Experiment 2 demonstrated that canceling the ability to self-enhance by having perceivers form an impression of themselves eliminated the misanthropy effect. However, the misanthropy effect was replicated when perceivers learned about an unknown other. The results were discussed with regard to the situations and factors that can increase or reduce the need to self-enhance and their implications for social information processing.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68679/2/10.1177_0146167299025002011.pd

Young and Old Adults' Concerns About Morality and Competence

Two experiments were conducted to examine people's sensitivity to person information from the morality domain (relation-oriented) and the competence domain (task & achievement-oriented). In a lexical decision paradigm, the findings from Experiment 1 showed that younger adults were faster to identify person cues (trait words) from the morality than from the competence domain, especially cues that were related to immorality. Experiment 2 compared the responses of younger and older adults. Despite the slower responses of the older adults, the findings indicated that all participants were faster at identifying cues from the morality domain than from the competence domain, with no age interactions. The results from Experiment 2 also suggested that disparate findings in the literature regarding reaction times to morality/competence cues and valence (positive or negative) were a function of word frequency effects. The findings are discussed in terms of people's chronic concern with the moral aspects of others as invariant across the lifespan, given that the morality domain is where interpersonal costs and threats are most likely to be signaled.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45370/1/11031_2004_Article_343706.pd

Les médias sociaux et le bonheur:Le cas de Facebook

Les réseaux sociaux ont rapidement changé la façon dont les gens interagissent entre eux. Le réseau social le plus populaire est Facebook, avec un nombre croissant de personnes qui consacrent de plus en plus de temps sur ce site chaque jour. Dans cet article, nous discutons de l’impact de l’utilisation de Facebook sur le bonheur. La revue de littérature révèle que le bonheur serait influencé différemment selon une utilisation passive ou active de Facebook. L’utilisation active de Facebook stimule le capital social et le sentiment de connexion, qui, à leur tour, ont un impact positif sur le bonheur. L’utilisation passive de Facebook mène souvent à une hausse de la comparaison sociale et de l’envie, qui, à leur tour, ont un impact négatif sur le bonheur. Les gens sont en général plus passifs qu’actifs sur Facebook et ainsi, leur utilisation du site tend à diminuer plutôt qu’à augmenter leur bonheur. Nous terminons cet article en discutant de pistes de recherches futures.Social network sites have rapidly changed the way people interact. The most popular social network site is Facebook with an increasing number of people spending an increasing amount of time on Facebook each day. In this article we discuss the impact of using Facebook on happiness. A review of the present literature reveals that happiness is differentially impacted by active and passive Facebook usage. Active Facebook usage stimulates social capital and connectedness, which, in turn, positively impact happiness. Passive Facebook usage often leads to upward social comparisons and envy, which, in turn, negatively impact happiness. People tend to use Facebook more often passively than actively, and hence, tend to use Facebook in a way that undermines rather than enhances happiness. We end this article by discussing possibilities for future research

A Warm Heart and a Clear Head

Prior studies on the association between weather and psychological changes have produced mixed results. In part, this inconsistency may be because weather's psychological effects are moderated by two important factors: the season and time spent outside. In two correlational studies and an experiment manipulating participants' time outdoors (total N = 605), pleasant weather (higher temperature or barometric pressure) was related to higher mood, better memory, and “broadened” cognitive style during the spring as time spent outside increased. The same relationships between mood and weather were not observed during other times of year, and indeed hotter weather was associated with lower mood in the summer. These results are consistent with findings on seasonal affective disorder, and suggest that pleasant weather improves mood and broadens cognition in the spring because people have been deprived of such weather during the winter.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73377/1/j.1467-9280.2005.01602.x.pd

On-line social interactions and executive functions

A successful social interaction often requires on-line and active construction of an ever-changing mental-model of another person’s beliefs, expectations, emotions, and desires. It also requires the ability to maintain focus, problem-solve, and flexibly pursue goals in a distraction-rich environment, as well as the ability to take-turns and inhibit inappropriate behaviors. Many of these tasks rely on executive functions (EF) – working memory, attention/cognitive control, and inhibition. Executive functioning has long been viewed as relatively static. However, starting with recent reports of successful cognitive interventions, this view is changing and now EFs are seen as much more open to both short- and long-term “training,” “warm-up,” and “exhaustion” effects. Some of the most intriguing evidence suggests that engaging in social interaction enhances performance on standard EF tests. Interestingly, the latest research indicates these EF benefits are selectively conferred by certain on-line, dynamic social interactions, which require participants to mentally engage with another person and actively construct a model of their mind. We review this literature and highlight its connection with evolutionary and cultural theories emphasizing links between intelligence and sociality

The problematic structure for research in AI

This project has examined issues and challenges associated with regulation, research, and ethicalconsiderations within artificial intelligence (AI) and its application. It has been demonstrated that there areclear differences between research done and funded by private organizations and public institutions.Research conducted in collaboration with private organizations in the field of AI may have biases due tocommercial interests. Furthermore, there is no body that examines private organizations' abilities toadhere to the ethical principles they set.Based on the examination of influential articles and authors in AI and ethics, it can be concluded that thereis a need to raise awareness of research conducted in connection with private companies in AI. As AItechnology is reaching the size and impact it has, it is important that we set requirements for research anddesign of the technology to ensure the reduction of unintended effects.The first major regulations in connection with the EU AI Act are emerging. However, it is difficult to say howmuch influence this type of regulation will have, as it does not seem to impose high demands onaccountability and impact evaluation. It is also clear that there are no requirements to adhere to ethicalguidelines provided by the AI Act.Based on an examination of regulations and research conducted in the field of AI in the Western world, itcan be concluded that there is a lack of research and/or attention to the impact on humans, as well as alack of research standards in large parts of the research community in the field.Given the scale at which AI is becoming part of our daily lives, it is important to consider the influence thatdifferent AI technologies can have. Therefore, the project believes that it is essential to conduct researchthat investigates the impact of AI technologies on individuals upon implementation.Finally, the project provides an example of a design approach/method that seems to meet the criteriahighlighted by the issues the project has identified

How Priming the Private Self or Collective Self Affects the Relative Weights of Attitudes and Subjective Norms

Three experiments tested the hypothesis that the accessibility of the private self and the collective self affects the relative weights given to attitudes and subjective norms when forming a behavioral intention. The results of Experiment 1 indicate that increasing the accessibility of the private self caused participants to place more weight on attitudes than subjective norms but that increasing the accessibility of the collective self caused participants to place more weight on subjective norms than on attitudes. Experiments 2 and 3, using a subtle priming procedure, replicated this pattern of results. In addition, the findings of Experiment 3 provided direct evidence for the differential priming of the two self-concepts. Hence, the data suggest an intimate connection between the accessibility of the private and collective selves and whether people use attitudes or subjective norms to make behavioral intentions.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68938/2/10.1177_0146167298244003.pd